 | herbs or low spineless shrubs |
 | stems scarcely fleshy, not jointed |
 | plants neither spiny nor with
spine-tipped leaves |
 | plants may be glabrous, scurfy or
pubescent; but NOT with long, soft hairs |
 | flowers not sunk into a fleshy stem |
 | no flowers with enclosing bracts |
 | fruiting calyx not developing
horizontal scarious wings |
 | calyx lobes not forming slender hooked
spines, but may be horned or narrowly winged |